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沉痛悼念计算机语言之父 Kristen
Nygaard
Kristen Nygaard Dies at 75
This
article from NYTimes.com
Another Turing award recipient passes
on this week.
Kristen Nygaard, Who Built Framework for Computer
Languages, Dies at 75
August 14, 2002
By JOHN MARKOFF
Kristen Nygaard, a Norwegian mathematician who laid the
groundwork for modern computer programming languages and
who
helped Scandinavian workers influence the design of
labor-saving
computer technologies, died on Saturday in
Oslo, Norway. He was
75.
The cause of death was a heart attack, said Ole Lehrmann
Madsen, a friend and colleague at Aarhus University in
Denmark.
>From 1962 to 1967, with his co-worker Ole-Johan
Dahl, Mr.
Nygaard designed Simula, a programming language
intended to
simulate complex real-world systems. The ideas
underlying
Simula emerged from Mr. Nygaard's work in the area of
operations research while he was employed at the Norwegian
Defense Research Establishment from 1948 to 1960.
Although
the original use for Simula was a physics
simulation for a
military laboratory, workers at the
Norwegian Iron and Metal
Union approached Mr. Nygaard, in
the late 1960's with concerns
about computers in displacing
and altering their jobs. Mr.
Nygaard began working with
them, pioneering an approach that
became known as
participatory design, in which workers help
design new
technologies in the workplace.
"It was originally
thought of as a socialistic movement,"
said Dr. Madsen, who
worked with Mr. Nygaard over several
decades. "However,
eventually large corporations began to
realize this was a
reasonable practice and it is widely
used around the globe
today."
Simula was significant for pioneering the concept of
"object oriented" programming. Before Simula, computer
programs were thought of in terms of software instructions
and data. Simula introduced the idea of objects, or
modules,
and classes of objects. Such object-based programs
made it easy
for programmers to reuse software, thus
dramatically increasing
productivity and efficiency.
"He understood that simulation was
the ultimate application
of computers," said Larry Tesler, a
computer scientist who
has worked at the Xerox Corporation and
Apple Computer. "It
was a brilliant stroke."
Simula would
ultimately influence the designers of a wide
range of
programming languages, including Smalltalk, C++,
and Java, and
it would leave a deep impression on the
personal computer world
as well, influencing the designers
of both the Macintosh and
Windows operating systems.
As a graduate student at the
University of Utah, the
computer scientist Alan Kay became
familiar with Simula,
which was to become one of the principal
influences on
Smalltalk, an object-oriented programming language
he
developed with a small group of programmers at Xerox's Palo
Alto Research Center in the early 1970's. Because Simula
permitted the creation of classes of objects and permitted
"inheritance," in which all the objects of a class could
automatically take on certain attributes, it led Dr. Kay to
begin thinking in biological terms. He conceived of
software
in a framework where complex processes could
emerge from simple
building blocks.
The Palo Alto research in turn influenced a
generation of
computer designers at both Apple Computer and the
Microsoft
Corporation in the early 1980's, when the modern
personal
computer was taking form.
Several years after Dr.
Kay discovered Simula, Bjarne
Stroustrup, a Danish programmer
who studied at Cambridge
and who would later become a software
designer at Bell
Laboratories, also encountered the language.
Like Dr. Kay,
he would be influenced by the idea of software
objects, and
he would build that concept into his widely
influential C++
programming language.
Kristen Nygaard was
born on Aug. 27, 1926, in Oslo. He
received his master's degree
in mathematics at the
University of Oslo in 1956.
He taught
in both Denmark and at the University of Oslo,
where he was a
professor until he retired until 1996.
In the 1970's, Mr.
Nygaard's research interests
increasingly turned to the impact
of technology on the
labor movement, and he became involved in
other political,
social and environmental issues. He was the
first chairman
of the environment protection committee of the
Norwegian
Association for the Protection of Nature. He was also
the
Norwegian representative for the Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development's activities on information
technology.
He also helped run an experimental program to
create humane
living conditions for alcoholics.
In the mid
1960's he became a member of the National
Executive Committee of
the Norwegian party Venstre, a
left-wing non-socialist party,
and chairman of that party's
strategy committee. In 1988 he
became chairman of a group
that successfully opposed Norway's
membership in the
European Union.
This year, with Ole-Johan
Dahl, Mr. Nygaard shared both the
Association of Computing
Machinery's Turing Award and the
Institute for Electrical and
Electronics Engineers von
Neumann Medal. In 1990 the Computer
Professionals for
Social Responsibility awarded him the Norbert
Weiner Prize.
He is survived by his wife, Johanna Nygaard, three
children
and seven grandchildren.
http://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/14/obituaries/14NYGA.html?ex=1030323594&ei=1&
en=342dac4878949d03
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Copyright 2002 The
New York Times Company
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